Art in the Movie Basquiat Essay - 2003 Words

Art in the Movie Basquiat Walter Benjamin projected the future of art in the age of mechanical reproduction, providing the basis of aesthetic evaluation for photography, film, digital and reproducible art. In the film Basquiat, directed by Julian Schnabel and starring Jeffrey Wright, Gary Oldman, Dennis Hopper, and David Bowie as Andy Warhol, the art world is explored in the midst of defining itself in light of the changes brought about by the technology of the twentieth century. Benjamin stressed the Marxist democratization of art through digital reproduction, a media which allows for de-emphasizing the original work of art. Throughout the history of arts, particularly visual arts, we have revered the individual paintings created†¦show more content†¦In one of the opening scenes, Ricard is seen writing on a park bench, describing the â€Å"Van Gogh boat,† where we are enchanted by the idea of â€Å"the unrecognized genius slaving away in a garret.† Ricard declares, â€Å"In this town one is at the mercy of the recognition factor. One’s public appearance is absolute.† As we see his personality unfold, Basquiat encounters Andy Warhol and his dealer Bruno Bischofberger (played by Dennis Hopper) at lunch and offers to sell several of his paintings. Bruno tells Jean of painting, â€Å"It doesn’t matter how much you worked on them. It matters how much you can get for them.† After a whirlwind of recognition and app arently instant success, Jean sells the painting â€Å"Rene 5:11† to Bischofberger, enraging Ricard, who bursts into a dinner scene and scornfully states â€Å"We are no longer collecting art, we’re buying people.† Basquiat is propelled further into the 80s spotlight, dating Madonna, producing and recording several rap albums, and celebrated as the golden child of the art world. In a poignant scene where Christopher Walken plays an interviewer, Basquiat denies the labels he’s beset with, responding to being called a â€Å"primal expressionist† with â€Å"You mean like a primate?† Later, when asked about being a black painter, he says, â€Å"Oh I use a lot of colors - not only black.† Throughout the film, critics, buyers, fellow artists, gallery owners, dealers, and personal friends of the artists continueShow MoreRelatedEssay about Basquiat, Bansky and the Power of Discourse1023 Words   |  5 PagesBasquiat, Banksy and the Power of Discourse Creativity occurs within the context of society: this is unavoidable as even artists who view themselves as outside of the mainstream are constructs of society: their social construction of reality is inevitably grounded in the discourse and belief structures of the society they inhabit and were formed by, however much they choose to struggle. Indeed, philosophers such as Foucault argue that it is impossible to escape ones own society due to the effectsRead MoreThe Earth Without Art Is Just 1399 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The ‘earth’ without ‘art’ is just ‘eh, — unknown author. This quote encapsulates the very importance of art in one sentence. Many people do not realize what a big impact art has on their lives. It is all around us, the house you live in, some artist took the time to design it. When you go to the grocery store, artists took the time to design all of the logos and packagings that you see and purchase. You can’t look anywhere without seeing a work of art, and if it is done right, it has the powerRead MoreWarhol And The Pop Art Movement2609 Words   |  11 PagesAndy Warhol being not simply a Pop artist, but an American artist who was known as the master of Pop Art, and about two of Warhol’s most famous paintings; Coca-Cola and Campbell’s Soup Cans. Andy Warhol was an artist and filmmaker, an initiator for the Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Warhol used mass production techniques to elevate art into the supposed unoriginality of the commercial culture of the United States. Warhol’s early drawings frequently recalls the Anglo-Saxon tradition of nonsense humor

Smart Grids Technologies Can Be Put Into Four Functional...

Generally, smart grids technologies can be put into four functional categories: Information collectors; information assemblers, displayers, and assessors; information-based controllers and energy resources. Smart grids collected data from various types of sensors. These sensors measure performance-related characteristics of electricity system components. Assessors are used to analysis and display the information they received from the devices. The information-based controllers devices will use the information that they received to control the other devices behavior to achieve the goal. Energy or power resources include the technologies that can used to generate, store, or reduce demand for electricity. However, renewable energy sources have been used in so many countries to reduce CO2 emissions and provide sustainable electrical power. The power electronic interface between a renewable energy source and the grid can be used to control reactive power output and hence the network voltage as well as curtailing real power output, and so enable the generator to respond to the requirements of the grid. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is one of the smart grid technologies that have been used in many homes and business. Their objective is to enable to let the users can use wattage readers to check how much juice their appliances and gadgets use. They measure energy usage with less than one-hour intervals, communicate usage data back to the utility regularly like up toShow MoreRelatedThe Smart Grid And Smart Meter1157 Words   |  5 Pagessystem that can be used in a sustainable, reliable and economic way. Smart grid and smart meters are the new power grids, which has been used in some countries to obtain the sustainable uses. They hold potential to benefit customers and the environments. This report is meant to give an overview about the smart grid and smart meters by describing what is the smart grid and smart meter. In addition, it introduces several technologies from these power grid systems and how these technologies impact onRead MoreReal World Business Analysis7098 Words   |  29 PagesPass 3 General Force and Customer Analysis 4 Customer Analysis 5 Relative Core Competency and Resource Analysis 7 Metrics Tactical Plan 10 General Approach to Leadership and Culture 13 Six Paths Analysis 15 Strategy Canvas Analysis 17 Four Actions Grid Analysis 20 Noncustomer Analysis 21 Buyer Utility Map 22 Price Corridor Analysis 24 BOI Index Table 25 Three E Fair Process Analysis 27 Reference: 29 The Business Model Peach mobile provides Telecom and Internet service to the consumerRead MoreKotler02 Tif9803 Words   |  40 Pages________. a. company strength in the market b. decline of competitors c. market attractiveness d. industry attractiveness e. the unit stock value (Answer: c; p. 39; Easy; LO2) 17. 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They continue to the functional and non-functional requirement analysis, for instance, by using methods such as Requirements Breakdown Structure and House of Quality. The outputs of their project conception and definition phase are detailed documents called Statement of Work, Scope Statement and Project Master Plan. Nicholas amp; Steyn (2012, p. 558) note: â€Å"To accommodate projects of different size and complexity, the methodology can be ‘scalable’.† Considering the sizeRead MoreOrange Creek Inc Essay12565 Words   |  51 PagesScopeThe Disaster Recovery Plan is focused on the identification, assessment and recovery of a disaster. This plan addresses all preparation and steps necessary to restore processing on the above described system(s) so that dependent applications can resume processing after a disaster has rendered any or all of the systems inoperable. PurposeThis Disaster Recovery Plan documents Orange Creek Inc. 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Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful to understand these pressures and barriers Different factors that make it difficult to build brands are shown in the figure above. The first, pressure to competeRead MoreManagment Information System25973 Words   |  104 PagesSYSTEM CONCEPTS A system can be simply defined as a group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole. Many examples of systems can be found in the physical and biological sciences, in modern technology, and in human society. Thus, we can talk of the physical system of the sun and its planets, the biological system of the human body, the technological system of an oil refinery, and the socioeconomic system of a business organization. A system is a group of interrelated componentsRead MoreSecurity Forces51988 Words   |  208 Pagesnecessary to accomplish missions assigned to the command. Operational control should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders. Operational control normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and to employ those forces as the commander in operational control considers necessary t o accomplish assigned missions; it does not, in and

The Problem and Its Settings Free Essays

Chapter I: The Problem and its Settings â€Å"You do anything long enough to escape the habit of living until the escape becomes the habit. † ~ David Ryan Introduction Internet and online game addiction, sometimes referred to as cyberspace addiction or online addiction, can manifest itself in many ways in today’s teens. If your daughter/son/sister/brother just spent an entire beautiful weekend updating his/her page on Facebook, playing online games on Y8, playing Vice City, battling on WarCraft foregoing a trip with the family to an amusement park or mall, he/she may be showing signs of addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem and Its Settings or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet is a seductive place, especially for today’s linked-in teens who are far more likely to add graffiti to their friend’s Facebook wall than they are to actually get on their bicycle and ride over to that same friend’s house. You have to admit it would be a challenge to connect face-to-face with someone you’ve never met in person and who lives in a different time zone. Therein lies the problem. The Internet is perfect for teens. Today’s social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter let them represent themselves as whomever, or whatever, they want. Everything is edited by them, chosen specifically to present the face they want the world to see. And if they decide to change that face, then they just delete some pictures, add some new friends, and voila! – new person! Experts say that as many as 10 percent of Internet users may be considered addicted, although some mental health professionals balk at using that term in a clinical sense. They argue that an activity can only be addictive when it causes a certain type of chemical reaction in the brain, and that’s hard to determine. But when you’re arguing with a teen about the amount of time she’s spending online and she just can’t get her paper done because her Instant Messenger keeps alerting her something new and exciting is happening with her best friend, then call it what you like, it’s a problem – for you, the child, and the entire family. Many parents feel torn, though, about limiting their children’s time on the computer. If a teen is struggling socially, some parents believe any human interaction, even through the computer, is preferable to none. And with teens that are risk-takers or have questionable taste in friends, some parents feel they can better monitor and keep their children safe by letting them stay home, downloading music files and creating quizzes for their Web pages. And many parents just want to avoid the tantrums, the cold shoulder, or the arguments that flare whenever the issue of computer time management comes up. Background of the Study Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. Online game, a game played over some form of  computer network. This almost always means the  Internet  or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current:  modems  before the Internet, and hard wiredterminals  before modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internet access itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Many online games have associated  online communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games. The rising popularity of  Flash  and  Java  led to an Internet revolution where websites could utilize streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoft began packaging  Flash  as a pre-installed component of  IE, the Internet began to shift from a data/information spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment. This revolution paved the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Some online multiplayer games like  World of Warcraft,  Final Fantasy XI  and  Lineage II  charge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, while games such as  Guild Wars  offer an alternative no monthly fee scheme. Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on-site sponsors, while others, like  RuneScape, or  Tibia  let people play for free while leaving the players the option of paying, unlocking new content for the members. Addiction, can also be viewed as a continued involvement with a substance or activity despite the negative consequences associated with it. Pleasure, enjoyment or relief from actual or perceived ailments would have originally been sought; however, over a period of time involvement with the substance or activity is needed to feel normal. Some psychology professionals and many laypeople now mean ‘addiction’ to include abnormal psychological dependency on such things as gambling, video games, food, sex, pornography, computers, internet, work, exercise, adrenaline, idolizing, watching TV or certain types of non-pornographic videos, spiritual obsession, self-injury and shopping. The  American Society of Addiction Medicine  begins their definition of addiction by describing it as â€Å"a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Statement of the Problem How to cite The Problem and Its Settings, Papers

Technology, Environment and Society Essay Example

Technology, Environment and Society Paper Technological innovation Creative. Feasible ideas Practical application Diffusion through society Environment Environment is defined as the immediate surroundings which supports life ND sustains various human activities. The surroundings comprises of Biotic or living things: plants, animals, microorganisms Biotic or non-living things: land, water, air etc. Society Society is people living together in communities. Chapter 1 . Brief History of Technology Beginnings (from beginning to BBC) universe: Evolution theory: Big bang theory, 10 to 20 billion years ago Solar system: Sun at the centre and eight planets, age of sun: about 5 billion years Earth and life: some facts Third planet that orbit the sun Formed from cloud of dust and gas drifting through space about 4. 6 billion years ago. First primitive life: algae and bacteria appeared around 3. 4 billion years ago. Human being Separation of human lineage from primates: about 2 million years ago. Modern human (homeostasis) appeared in Africa around 100,000 years ago. Beginning of human civilization: about 5000 years ago Stone Age Age prior to the beginning of civilized society (up to BBC) Tools: stone, wood, animal bone, horn No use of metal tools Potters wheel (around BBC) Nomadic culture: Humans moved from one place to another place searching for the foods At the end, more settled 1. 1 Civilizations between BBC to 1 660 AD . We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First civilizations (3000 Facto 1100 BC) Bronze Age Cupper: First discovered metal Bronze (Mixture Of Cue and Tin): Second discovered metal Sequences By BBC, quasi-civilized society in Egypt and Mesopotamia Around 3000 BC: human civilization began. Civilizations a. Egyptian civilization: in the valley of Nile b. Sumerian civilization: in plain of Tigris and Euphrates in Southern Mesopotamia c. Assyrian civilization: in upper Tigris d. Maya civilization: in Peru e. Civilizations in China f. Civilizations in India: Flourishing of Hindu religion in India, Veda and Punished g. First Babylonian empire Semitic (dark white or brownish people from Syria and Arabia) people conquered Sumerian by BBC, made Babylon the capital Hamburg: 6th king of Babylonian, made code of laws, which is first written code of laws h. Jews (Hebrews) Semitic people settled in Judea long before 1 000 B. C. Hebrew Bible (Old testament) around 1000 BC Prophets of Jews: Abraham, Mosses Solomon: king of Hebrew Monarchy, builder of the first temple in Jerusalem I. Spreading of Aryans Tribes of fair and blue eyed Nordic race Spread from central Europe to Asia Inventions/ Developments during Bronze age Discovery of bronze, Metal working, Glass working Invention of Potato in Peru Animal domestication: cattle, sheep, goats and asses Cultivation Navigation technology Techniques of Yoga and meditation Invention of first writing system (wage-shaped) by Sumerians Invention of picture writing system by Egyptians Invention of Semitic writing system by Hebrews by mixing Sumerian and Egyptian writing All other major languages, e. G. Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, French, Arabic etc. Derived from Semitic Construction of cities, temples, tombs, systematic irrigation, war chariots b. Iron Age (1100 BC to 500 AD) First use of iron for implements and weapons. Historical sequences in Iron Age a. Augusta Buddha (nearly 550 BC) b. Confucius and Ala TTS in China (around 6th century BC) c. Emperor Osaka in India: spread Buddhism to Kashmir, Persia, Ceylon, China and Alexandria (capital of Roman empire) d. Jesus Christ e. Victory of Aryan: from 900 to 600 BC over the whole ancient world: Semitic, Egyptian, Greek, India except China f. Greek civilization Greek people: trades, travelers, enthusiastic Greek Philosophers Thales, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Archimedes Plato, Aristotle: most prominent Plato (400 BC): Mathematics and Astronomy Plato published a book named Utopia which deals with the plan to form a different and better than the existing one. Utopian society defines the process of development in three steps: plan, public, and law. Aristotle (BBC) Gathering information, analyzing and solving the problem in a systematic way (beginner of science). Father of history and founder of political science g. Roman civilization Autocratic Roman empire in Europe (from 200 BC) No scientific development Focus of Romans on health and well being h. Spreading of Mongolias all over the world by two century BC. Inventions/technological development during iron age Prosperous China: Construction of great wall, invention of paper, tea, wood block printing Development of Iron technology Literature: around 200 BC c. The middle ages (500 to 1450) Sequences Of middle age a. Prophet Muhammad (DADA) Dictated a book, Koran, which he declared was communicated to him from God Beginning of Islam religion b. Arabs supremacy Powerful Arabian empire: Arabians were Masters, Europeans pupils Stretched from Spain to China Learnt paper and printing from China Came in touch with Indian Mathematics Translated Greek literature . Mongolias conquest Jennings Khan (1200 AD): conquered China, Transmitted, Persia, Armenia, part of India down to Lahore, South Russia and Hungary Tioga Khan: completed the conquest of whole China and all Russia (former Soviet Union) Other emperors: Mango Khan, Kabuki Khan, Haulage Khan d. Mogul dynasty in India (Mongolia: Mogul in Urdu) Baber: Descendent of Mongolia, conquest India Kafka: completed the conquest of whole India f. Renaissance of Europe: Intellectual revival From 1 200 AD: revival of European intelligence Commercial and industrial activities boomed in northern and central Italian ties (1250) Development of cities Growth in trading Arabian literature and scientific experiments translated into common language Roger Bacon: father of modern experimental science, deserves prominence in our history second to that of Aristotle university at Paris, Oxford, Bologna and other cities Exploration: Marco Polo, Columbus, Vases De Gamma By 1500 AD, Europeans became intellectual and material leader Inventions/Developments in middle age a. From Arab world Great advances in Math, physics, Chemistry and Medical science Spreading of Arabic figure invented by Hindus, sign zero invented by Arabs Metallurgical ND technical devices made by Arabs b. From Mongolia Opening of silk road by Mongolias to link Asia and Europe for trade c. From renaissance of European Good quality paper and printing Advance in education and science Mariners compass d. Towards the modern world (1450 to 1 660) a. Period of growth for scientific knowledge Birth of many scientists: Leonardo Dad Vinci, Galileo, Keeper, Blaine Pascal, Robert Hook, Newton: Influenced the world of science b. Age of mechanical revolution Process of mechanical invention and discovery Technological development due to organized science Mechanical power and the machine doing the labor work of human and animals c. Advance in popular education throughout the Westernizes world Inventions/ Developments Invention of saw mill, microscope, telescope, clocks 1. 2 The Industrial revolution, early days (1660 to 181 5) The mechanical revolution was followed by the industrial revolution. Age of social and financial development Scientific discoveries, application of science and technology Began from England around sixties of seventeenth century after the invention of steam engine by James Watt Mass production, factory system and improved chicanery and machine tool Further advancement due to the invention of electric power By the early 19th century, industrial revolution spread to other parts of Europe Inventions/Developments Frederica Startled founded a pencil factory in Emerging, Germany. Startled Mars Gumbo Co. The oldest manufacturing companies in the world. Many books on industrial development water-powered mill Processing of iron from ore using blast furnace technique in 1 8th century Rolled iron sheet in 1 728 and rolled rods and bars in 1783. First modern steam engine by James Watt (1765) Use of steam power: cotton factory, boat, ship First locomotive by Trickier in 1 804 Electricity: Investigation of Franklin, Volta, Faraday and Galvanic Chemistry advanced American System of Manufacturing (1813) Steam powered train 1. 3 The Industrial revolution in maturity (1 815 to 1918) a. By early 1 9th century, science has come to be revolutionized. Prominent scientists e. G. Alfred Nobel, Faraday, Graham Bell, Charles Draw. in, Albert Einstein b. Age of engineering: Technological development Electric motor by Faraday (1821) First railway between Stockton and Darlington in 1825 Discovery of electric telegraph in 1835, first under seas cable laid in 1851 teen France and England Analytical engine by Charles Babbage (1 834), father of computer Steam hammer (1838) Bessemer process (1856) and open hearth process (1864) for processing of iron and steel Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell (1876) Steam turbine (1884) Petrol car by Carl Benz (1888) Internal combustion diesel engine by Rudolph Diesel (1893) Wireless telegraphy by Marion (1896) Medical science and agricultural science advanced In 1 903 testing of the first air craft by Wright brothers in the USA, availability Of airplane for humans from 1909 Book on scientific management by Taylor in 1911 Moving-assembly-line techniques for car manufacturing by Ford (1913) Project management techniques (Giant Chart -1917) Impact of industrial revolution Mechanization: Change of power source from muscle power and animal power to steam engine which was more economical, easier to handle and efficient than previous sources. Social, cultural and economical change Revolution in transport and communication Easier and more comfortable life, better health condition Advance in education, science, medicine, textile and agriculture Relocation of large portions of the population from the countryside to the towns and cities Growth in trade and business Availability of great variety of materials Rise of wealthy people Especially businessman became richer, while workers also got good wages. Start of automation replacing human operations Negative points: break up of joint family, women and child labor, gap between poor and rich Material growth and subsequent colonization Demand of raw materials and nationalist pride led colonization to produce and trade goods Dutch, Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (North and South America), French, England Negative impact of colonization Conflict and internal strife in colonized countries Extraction of vast amounts of natural resources from the colonies by British Empire 1. 4 Influence of First and Second World wars on technology world war I (WWW) (1914-1918) Main Causes Beginning: Beginning of war after the assassination of Ferdinand, heir to the Status-Hungarian throne, by, a Bosnian Sere citizen of Austria-Hungary . The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations.

Medieval Childbirth and Baptism

Medieval Childbirth and Baptism The concept of childhood in the middle ages and the importance of the child in medieval society is not to be overlooked in history. It is fairly clear from the laws designed specifically for the care of children that childhood was recognized as a distinct phase of development and that, contrary to modern folklore, children were not treated as nor expected to behave as adults. Laws regarding the rights of orphans are among the pieces of evidence we have that children had value in society, as well. It is difficult to imagine that in a society where so much value was placed on children, and so much hope was invested in a couples ability to produce children, children would regularly suffer from a lack of attention or affection. Yet this is the charge that has often been made against medieval families. While there have been- and continue to be- cases of child abuse and neglect in western society, to take individual incidents as indicative of an entire culture would be an irresponsible approach to history. Instead, let us look at how society in general regarded the treatment of children. As we take a closer look at childbirth and baptism, well see that, in most families, children were warmly and happily welcomed into the medieval world. Childbirth in the Middle Ages Because the foremost reason for marriage at any level of medieval society was to produce children, the birth of a baby was usually a cause for joy. Yet there was also an element of anxiety. While the childbirth mortality rate is probably not as high as folklore would have it,   there was still a possibility of complications, including birth defects or a breech birth, as well as the death of mother or child or both. And even under the best of circumstances, there was no effective anesthetic to eradicate the pain. The lying-in room was almost exclusively the province of women; a male physician would only be called in when surgery was necessary.  Under ordinary circumstances, the mother- be she peasant, town-dweller, or noblewoman- would be attended by midwives. A midwife would usually have more than a decade of experience, and she would be accompanied by assistants whom she was training. In addition, female relatives and friends of the mother would frequently be present in the birthing room, offering support and good will, while the father was left outside with little more to do but pray for a safe delivery. The presence of so many bodies could raise the temperature of a room already made warm by the presence of a fire, which was used to heat water for bathing both mother and child. In the homes of the nobility, gentry, and wealthy townspeople, the birthing room would usually be freshly-swept and provided with clean rushes; the best coverlets were put on the bed and the place was turned out for display. Sources indicate that some mothers may have given birth in a sitting or squatting position.  To ease the pain and to hasten the process of childbirth, the midwife might rub the mothers belly with ointment. Birth was usually expected within 20 contractions; if it took longer, everyone in the household might try to help it along by opening cupboards and drawers, unlocking chests, untying knots, or even shooting an arrow into the air. All of these acts were symbolic of opening the womb. If all went well, the midwife would tie off and cut the umbilical cord and help the baby take its first breath, clearing its mouth and throat of any mucus. She would then bathe the child in warm water or, in more affluent homes, in milk or wine;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹she might also use salt, olive oil, or rose petals. Trotula of Salerno, a 12th-century female physician, recommended washing the tongue with hot water to assure the child would speak properly.  It was not uncommon to rub honey on the palate to give the baby an appetite. The infant would then be swaddled snugly in linen strips so that his limbs might grow straight and strong, and laid in a cradle in a dark corner, where his eyes would be protected from bright light. It would soon be time for the next phase in his very young life: Baptism. Medieval Baptism The primary purpose of  baptism  was to wash away original sin and drive all evil from the newborn child. So important was this  sacrament  to the Catholic Church that the usual opposition to women performing sacerdotal duties was overcome for fear an infant might die unbaptized. Midwives were authorized to perform the rite if the child was unlikely to survive and there was no man nearby to do it. If the mother died in childbirth, the midwife was supposed to cut her open and extract the baby so that she could baptize it. Baptism had another significance: it welcomed a new Christian soul into the community. The rite conferred a name on the infant that would identify him throughout his life, however short it might be. The official ceremony in the church would establish lifelong ties to his godparents, who were not supposed to be related to their godchild through any blood or marriage link. Thus, from the very beginning of his life, the medieval child had a relationship to the community beyond that defined by kinship. The role of godparents was mainly spiritual: they were to teach their godchild his prayers and instruct him in faith and morals. The relationship was considered as close as a blood link, and marriage to ones godchild was prohibited.  Because godparents were expected to bestow gifts on their godchild, there was some temptation to designate many godparents, so the number had been limited by the Church to three: a godmother and two godfathers for a son; a godfather and two godmothers for a daughter. Great care was taken when selecting prospective godparents; they might be chosen from among the parents employers, guild members, friends, neighbors, or lay clergy. No one from a family that the parents hoped or planned to marry the child into would be asked. Generally, at least one of the godparents would be of a higher social status than the parent. A child was usually baptized on the day he was born. The mother would stay at home, not only to recuperate, but because the Church generally followed the Jewish custom of keeping women from holy places for several weeks after giving birth. The father would assemble the godparents, and together with the midwife they would all bring the child to the church. This procession would frequently include friends and relatives, and could be quite festive. The priest would meet the baptismal party at the church door. Here he would ask if the child had been baptized yet and whether it was a boy or a girl. Next he would bless the baby, put salt in its mouth to represent the reception of wisdom, and exorcise any demons. Then he would test the godparents knowledge of the prayers they were expected to teach the child: the  Pater Noster,  Credo, and  Ave Maria. Now the party entered the church and proceeded to the  baptismal font. The priest would anoint the child, immerse him in the font, and name him. One of the godparents would raise the baby up from the water and wrap him in a christening gown. The gown, or crysom, was made of white linen and might be decorated with seed pearls; less wealthy families might use a borrowed one. The last part of the ceremony took place at the altar, where the godparents made the profession of faith for the child. The participants would then all return to the parents house for a feast. The entire procedure of baptism mustnt have been a pleasant one for the newborn. Removed from the comfort of its home (not to mention its mothers breast) and carried out into the cold, cruel world, having salt shoved into its mouth, immersed in water that could be dangerously cold in winter all this must have been a jarring experience. But for the family, the godparents, friends, and even the community at large, the ceremony heralded the arrival of a new member of society. From the trappings that went with it, it was an occasion that appears to have been a welcome one. Sources: Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993). Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph,  Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages  (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986).

4 Successful Review Writers That Students Have to Look up to

4 Successful Review Writers That Students Have to Look up to 4 Successful Review Writers That Students Have to Look up to Throughout our lives, we find people who inspire us. Some of them help us work harder, some inspire us to make wise choices, and there are even some people who can inspire us to become better writers. Some of the best review writers are among those exalted few, and their works make us want to improve ourselves by bettering our writing abilities. Here are some of the best essay writers of all times and why they can make you want to become more amazing writers too. 1. Joan Didion Didion began her writing career when she was only five years old reminding us that we are never too young to begin. If you are new to Didion, a Year of Magical Thinking is a particularly good choice. If you have ever dismayed by the decay of morality and the decadence of culture, Didion knows what you’re thinking, and she’s written it down in sharp prose that pierces to the very heart. She once famously said â€Å"The willingness to accept responsibility for ones own life is the source from which self-respect springs.† Don’t make excuses for not moving forward with becoming a stronger writer; Didion wouldn’t approve. 2. Annie Dillard They have said, â€Å"write what you know† and Annie Dillard is a flawless example who follows that advice. The Pulitzer Prize-winning author is famous for her collected essays in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek in which she explores the beauty and horror of the natural world near her home in Roanoke, Virginia. She conveys a sense of unhurried wonder and discovery, which is difficult for experienced writers to maintain. If you have found yourself feeling jaded and struggling for the words to come, try to take a look at her essays and gain your own set of fresh eyes to view the world. 3. David Foster Wallace If you’re a bibliophile, it is possible that you already know and love David Foster Wallace. He’s fighting back against mental illness every day to keep writing down what’s the most important for him. He called writing both â€Å"nourishing and redemptive,† and although Wallace ultimately committed a suicide. His work lives on in his most famous 1000+ page stream-of-consciousness novel Infinite Jest. The chief book critic once said of him, â€Å"He can do sad, funny, silly, heartbreaking and absurd with equal ease; he can even do them all at once.† It is hard to come up with excuses about how a certain style of writing just does not suit you when you consider the odds, which Wallace was dealing with every day, and how he bravely overcame them. 4. Brian Doyle If you’ve never read the essayist Brian Doyle before, you’re in for a real treat. No other essayist so deftly can bring tears to your eyes or smiles to your faces. He is one moment dryly hysterical; next, he is delving into the beauty and tragedy of deepest sorrow. Perhaps, it is unrealistic to imagine that any of us could reach into someone’s heart and yank it right out of their chest with his piercing and perfect command of language, but it is certainly worth a lifetime of trying to get there. As we can see, there are a lot of review writers who had a lot of troubles to tackle, but still they coped with them. Thus, remember that there is nothing impossible, just believe and make some efforts.

Assignment 1 & 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1 & 2 - Assignment Example Major organizations have established public relation department which focuses on how to impress the society. As much as strategies are usually applied to improve the public relation, ethics and company policies are the major influences. For example, if a child loses their life in a school compound, the public reaction towards the school would be very negative. The society will view the institution as an enemy to the community. With years the public relations are becoming difficult to improve. The society’s priorities towards organizations and institutions are increasing. This may be attributed to increased business ventures and the exposure to information. In schools the situation is the same. In the modern century school’s public relations should also be improved (Kowalski, 2010). 1. The implementation of PR is faced by several shortcomings. These shortcomings are based on understanding, accepting and acting. These barriers tend not to help in the influencing of the public’s perception towards the institution. Barriers to accepting are the barriers that prevent the public from accepting the PR implementation policies. According to Kowalski (2010) this barrier may be influenced by both internal and external factors. On internal factors, the institution may by having problems in influencing an ethical environment. The internal causes are mostly influenced by the conduct of the staff and administrators. If the institution has an appropriate PR implementation strategies and the conduct of the administrators is unethical, the public may find it difficult to accept the PR implementation policies. External factors are based on the fact that the public is exposed to many similar competitors. The institutions incentives may be not good enough to fulfill the pr iorities of the public hence they fail to accept any PR offering. A barrier to acting is the barrier that prevents the public from fulfilling their part as