Racism affects everybody Essay Example for Free

Racism affects everybody Essay This is shown in the movie ‘Australia’, how everyone can be affected by racism. Many different ways of racism towards people in the movie ‘Australia’. A few of the main characters that are affected in the movie is Nullah, The Drover, Lady Ashley. The people that are being most affected in the movie would have to be the indigenous, that’s because the time the movie was set in, was when the white australia policy was happening, so pretty much every Australian was being racist towards aboriginal people. Racism is problem that everybody is affected in the world today. In the movie Australia, all the aboriginal people was being well behaved, did everything they was told and followed the rules. Even then people was still be racist towards them. Some of the ways racism was shown in the movie was how the aboriginals wasn’t allowed in the pubs, also Neil Fletcher was using Daisy for sex and didn’t show any respect and also beat her and his son up. So pretty much all the Australians in this time period was against all indigenous people and all japanese because at the time australia was at war with japan and japan ended up bombing darwin. Nullah in the movie was a half cast, so he wasn’t fully aboriginal or australian, he felt left out because he wasn’t black or white, he was only a creamy colour. He was like this because of Neil Fletcher using his mother for sex. Nullah and his mother wasn’t treated with any respect at all and both of them was also beat up, it was because Neil fletcher played a big part in being racist towards Indigenous people. A good example of racism towards Nullah is when he is about to get on the ship to the mission and a young australian boy was yelling to him and saying â€Å"Creamy† and kept saying that to Nullah. Near the end of the movie Nullah wants to go ‘walk about’ with his Grandfather. If you go on this ‘walk about’ It means you become a man, it’s part of the aboriginal tradition, even though Nullah isn’t a full blooded aboriginal, he still wants to keep live by his aboriginal culture and follow the aboriginal tradition and become a man through the true aboriginal way. The reason all this racism was happening towards the aboriginal people was because of the government. They had made a policy in the australia called the white australia policy, this policy wanted australia to only have fully white blooded australians in australia only. The half cast kids like ‘Nullah’ was sent to a mission to learn about the christianity and how australians live, the other reason they were sent there is because australian people wasn’t proud of having sex with aboriginal women and then they didn’t want half cast kids in the public because it would remind them of what they did with those aboriginal women and they didn’t want that. So the government made missions where, the half cast kids were taken from their families by the police and wasn’t allowed to see their families again. The kids that were taken when they were are now called the stolen generation. The two people in the movie that werent being racist towards aboriginal people was The Drover and Lady Ashley, this was because they both had a connection with the aboriginal people in the movie, The Drover’s partner in the movie was an aboriginal and The Drover felt like he was an aboriginal and thought that people treated him like one. He also sticked up for his partner at the pub, this shows how close Drover was to his partner. Lady was close to aboriginal people because of Nullah’s mother dying and she took up mothering for Nullah, this made a strong connection between them. When Neil Fletcher was beating up Nullah Lady Ashley stepped in and protected Nullah. In conclusion, It doesn’t matter if someone is being racist towards an individual, it will affect other people to. Even all the years ago, when the white australia policy was taking place, the racism towards the aboriginals and the stolen generation, It is still affecting most of Australia today and a lot of people are sorry to the stolen generation because what the government did was very wrong and it didn’t take not long to see what they done. Racism still happens today everywhere and it does affect everyone.

Howards End, E.M. Forster | Analysis

Howards End, E.M. Forster | Analysis In 20th century London, recognizing a persons social and financial class could be as easy as simply viewing their household. A house during early 20th century London can influence a persons role in society of how they view themselves and what they are like compared to the other people around them. Essentially, through their household they establish their own identity. In E.M. Foresters Howards End, the house Howards End is essential to the role of each character such that each one has their own meaning of the property. We can understand each characters role to Howards End by comparing the household to the other homes in the story. When evaluating all these other homes and Howards End, we will see how Howards End is in the middle of it all to the character development of this story. When comparing the feelings of the characters established through Wickham Place to that of Howards End, typical aspects of living in a household such as emotional attachment and the personal events that occurred there are critical to understanding the character development associated with Howards End. Wickham Place held a special meaning for the Schlegals family. In the beginning of Howards End the Schlegals view their home of Wickham Place as the Wilcoxs see Howards End, as an important and ancestral home. The Wilcoxes continued to play a considerable part in herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when its takes all sorts to make a world? (Forster, Ch. 12). Margaret is like what the Wilcoxes stand for, as the grit Even practicality of the real world. Although the Schlegels live in their own sphere of intellectual principles and ideals, the Wilcoxes represent a flip side of that way of life. In regards as to how this works with her personal feelings for the house, Margaret views that the house can any pl ace, regardless of shape and size as long as it retains the same safety and comfort as well as possess familiar items that would make it a home. The Wilcoxes see houses as something material live in to go about ones daily life, although Mrs. Wilcox has similar views of houses compared to Schlegels but with a higher spiritual sense of its meaning. Mrs. Wilcox mentions that she belonged to Howards End just as much as Howards End belonged to her. When we compare Wickham Place to Howards End by social class both houses seem relatively the same, but there exists a very significant difference. As we come to understand, Howards End is an ancestral home, having been passed down through the Wilcox family for many years. Wickham Place on the other hand, although the Schlegels have been raised there, is not owned by Schlegels and therefore exists the possibly of the Schlegels losing their home at any time. Though Wickham Place and Howards End are both on a similar level in terms of social clas s, there are significant differences which can be discovered that reveal how much more important Howards End is to the story than Wickham Place because of how the characters related to each home react to each of the two homes. After the events in Howards End with Helen and the Wilcoxes love situation, the Wilcoxes decide to move into a Flat close to the Schlegels home. They stay there instead of living in Howards End. If Howards End is a perfect home, than why would the Wilcoxes decide to move into a Flat? Lets take into account the social housing market at the time as well as how Howards End is located outside secluded from the city. The Wilcoxes stay in a Flat in order to take care of business as well as socialize with others of high class. Their new Flat is used for several reasons. First, it is cost affordable for temporary living so they didnt have to travel to and from Howards End to take care of the marriage business. Also, thos gives Paul a chance to go abroad. This opportun e moment living in the flat actual provide the spark needed between Mrs. Wilcox and Margaret to settle the complications with the whole Helen and Paul incident and is the starting point for the relationship that sparks the storys development on the two as Mrs. Wilcox says that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you see I lived at Howards End long, long before Mr. Wilcox knew it. I was born there.(Forester 54). This speech tells Margaret the reason on why Mrs. Wilcox is so attached to Howards End and then after making a fool of herself with Dollys photograph is about to leave but stops when told by Mrs. Wilcox of how lovely the company was and hope to spend more time together. Now to look at the Flats use in a more society way by the way that, the British class system was at its most rigidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ changes in social thought, particularly the rising increase in socialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and the status of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in which there could be a more social mobility and people would become mo re liberal.(Hattersley 243). This means that though the Wilcoxes are of an upper social class that does not mean that they will not accept lodging from a family member especially when there is business to be done. So the Flats compared to Howards End is more like a strike of good fortune that presents itself for their needs in the city, while unintentionally setting up a relationship that starts and strengthens a relationship that is focused on even after the death of one of the people in the relationship. In the story Margaret travels with the Wilcoxes takes her to two places Oniton Grange and Ducie Street. Though the two are in the same class as Howards End they are different in feeling to the characters for many reasons both personal and geographically. First in response to Oniton Grange the first look we see of this is when Evie wedding is going on Margaret travels to the ancient estate with the Wilcoxes as Henrys fiancà © although Henry already wanted to liquidate anxiously. After the wedding Helen, Leonard and Jacky appear blaming Henry for Leonard losing his job because he recommended the job change. After Margaret gets Henry to talk to Leonard about a new job, Jacky talks up calling Henry Hen (Forester 166). This humiliating Henry exposing the affair he had with Jacky while with Mrs. Wilcox and tells Margaret that her plan to embarrass him had succeeded in telling her that she is release from her contract to him in marriage. Now when Henry was having the affair with Jacky wome n were not seen as more as people that men were with to look good to society. Then during the current time period, The suffragist/suffragette movement helped to shatter the lingering ideals of womanhood.(Eastaugh and Sternal-Johnson). This explains another reason that Margaret does not feel bad about what Henry did because she is secure with herself and that its really Mrs. Wilcox who should be ashamed because she was married to him while he was with Jacky. Then with how Henry wanted to liquidate the estate already can be explained by his, My motto is concentrated. Ive no intention of frittering away à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Youre clever little women, but my mottos concentrate (Forester 135). He believes in focusing intently on his own goals and just seeing what he wants to see in the world (or rather, whats beneficial to him), He goes on always about business and Parliament or whatever goes on in society, but in reality he uses this because he is too afraid to show his emotions so he hides behind the business side of the world. Now Margaret would love to stay at Oniton Grange but Mr. Wilcox makes an excuse about the atmosphere not suitable for living. Next in the upper class Ducie Street comes into play as another plausible living place for Margarets new life with Mr. Wilcox. As Margaret was vacationing with Aunt Juley in Swanage, Margaret receives a letter from Mr. Wilcox, saying that he is moving to a different house and would be willing to rent the Schlegels his old one. He asks Margaret to come and inspect it. Margaret has a sudden premonition that he means to propose to her, but she dismisses the notion as silly. She makes the trip back to London, and takes a tour of the house with Mr. Wilcoxwho, quite suddenly, does propose. But unfortunately they cant live there either due to Henry saying, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Only Ducie Street has huge drawback. Theres a mews behind (Forester 130). Which he is saying without saying that he does not have pleasant memories there but it is a nice upper class neighborhood with beautiful homes all around. Though these two homes are on scale with Howards End, Oniton Grange is too far away to realistically living there. While Ducie Street in the London area has memories and reputation that could hinder the relationship of any kind for the two of them living there. Then in the case with Howards End it is a more proficient location to access the industrial rising London and have a calming effect of living that can support the growth of a relationship. Although Henry is still adamant about finding another home instead of just going to Howards End and makes the excuse that he leased out for three years and they couldnt. That is how though the three are of the same scale its the characters responses to the places that truly make them different in the eyes of the beholder. Now for Leonards Place, this would be the opposite poles of the scale with Leonards on the bottom and Howards End on the top and still finding meaning to the story on the class opposite to Howards End and the events that occurred because of this place. Leonards place is anything but upper class, one its a basement, two its smaller than a dorm room in a college, and finally he owns nothing even the bed he sleeps in. For his part, Leonard is poor, but not desperately so: He has just enough education and sufficient possessions to assert that he is not inferior to the rich. Although when Leonard is with the Schlegels he thinks, If only he could talk like this, he would have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ leisured women, who had been reading steadily from childhood?(Forster 31). Leonard is overwhelmed by the cultural wealth of the Schlegels he is limited by his own social background, and feels as though he could never possibly catch up. Though Leonard lives in on the edge of nothingness he thinks, The boy, Leonard Bast, stood at the extreme verge of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ nothing counts, and the statements of Democracy are inaudible.(Forster 35). Poor Leonard Forster condemns him to a lifetime of inferiority in this single paragraph, based on his problematic existence between classes hes not at the extreme lower end of the spectrum, and is just genteel enough to have the desire to possess what the rich haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦culture. Then after taking Mr. Wilcoxs advice on jobs he is tipped into the abyss and loses everything he had or in his situation rented and is left with books and china on the side of the road. Along with Jackyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ enough said. In all when we look at Leonards Place in comparison to Howards End clear opposites of each while Howards End is warm, comforting and has the potential for growth. Leonards Place is dreary, cramped and lacks all potentials for a future that can sustain any sort of family. In the novel Howards End and the action and people that are in it are expressed as if Forster realistically knew these actions first hand. In a way he does but not how the story tells it, Forster tells how he grew up by using the Wilcoxes as a surrogate for his fathers family while the Schlegels are representatives for his mothers side. In his life growing up, Forsters father, an architect, died when the son was a baby, and he was brought up by his mother and paternal aunts. The difference between the two families, his fathers being strongly evangelical with a high sense of moral responsibility, his mothers more feckless and generous-minded, gave him an enduring insight into the nature of domestic tensions,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(E. M. Forster 1). So in his daily livings of these tensions between his families, he received firsthand knowledge of both side of the spectrum to broaden his horizons more on life. Now in the novel Forster portrays Howards End as a place down to earth and geographic ally away from most of civilization in a secluded area. Why, well Forster goes into, A reconciliation of humanity to the earth and its own imagination may be ultimate ideal, but Forster sees it receding in a civilization devoting itself more and more to technological progress.(E. M. Forster). He also uses the actions done by the Schlegal sisters and Mrs. Wilcox to show his appreciations for, The values of common sense, goodwill, and regard for the individual, on the other hand, can still be cultivated, and these underlie Forsters later pleas for more liberal attitudes.(E. M. Forster). In all Forster uses Howards End, the place and actions that took place there in order to voice his beliefs in a non-imposing manner. In the novel Howards End the house Howards End has been used to central the meaning to the story as each character has a different response to the property. To understand these feelings better the other homes in the story to be used describe how each house is different from Howards End by using their importance to branch from Howards End. Using such places as Wickham Place to Howards End in feeling from what the characters think of each other. Then understanding how different the Flats are to Howards End though both are homes the Wilcoxes live in. Also why places such as Ducie Street and Oniton Grange are still different from Howards End though all three are of the same social standing of each other. Then how places such as Leonards Place are on the opposite side of the poll to that of Howards End but still have meaning to it. Then explaining how Forster can express Howards End so well that it seems he himself has lived there. At the end of evaluating the other homes and Howards End the alongside the Forster explanation it is clear that Howards End is the core to which all the other homes branch from and make the story flow.

Economics of Energy: Shale Oil

Economics of Energy: Shale Oil Economics of Energy As every nation endures the global recession, countries invest on various types of energy sources that offer the maximum benefits. There are many variations on energy that can be used such as solar energy, nuclear energy, wind-generated energy and shale oil reserves. Each type of energy has different economic benefits. At present times, shale oil reserves are to watch out for. Shale oil reserves are usually undeveloped given that the process of extracting its oil is a difficult process. However, the latest technology unfolds the overwhelming potential of shale oil exploration. The accessibility of shale oil resources across the globe and the effect of increased shale oil production have influence that extends further than the rest of competitors in energy industry. In contrast, other sources of energy offer economic benefits as well but only differ with costs incurred. Among all energy sources, nuclear energy helps to reduce air pollution, balance the Earths weather, avoid acid rain, and depletion of ozone layer. Nuclear power plants are environment-friendly source of energy. There are many economic benefits of using nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants are a good source of income while it incurs low costs on operation. In the United States, it is their second largest source of power. Aside from stability in future price, it also avoids the import on fuel. Although the economic benefits of nuclear power are great, the hype on shale oil exploration overshadows the nuclear industry. As many nuclear power plants are offline, most of them would find it easier to build new turbines for gas exploration than repair nuclear reactors. According to the Climate News Network in London, most of the nuclear reactors in the United States and Canada are shutting down since shale gas produces cheaper power (Brown, 2013, para.1). Moreover, the investment costs required for nuclear power plant is higher compared to shale oil exploration. Hence, the economic benefits of shale gas are better than nuclear power. Another source of energy is the solar power. This type of energy captures the photovoltaic cells that transform sunlight into electrical energy. Its edge among other sources of energy is that sunlight is free; hence, its energy is infinitely renewable. In the future, the cost of solar power is expected to decline below market price. To compare solar energy and shale gas, the latter has many variables to consider on its relevant costs such as land costs, drilling costs, corporate overhead and others. Hence, solar energy is more economic than shale gas when it comes to expenditures. Lastly, wind-generated energy is also an alternative source of electricity. Wind turbines convert the wind that passes through the blades into electricity. One of the challenges on wind energy industry is its disadvantage on costs. Its technology needs a hi gher amount of initial outlay than fossil fuels. Hence, shale gas is more cost-competitive compared to wind-generated electricity. Economic Costs and Profits of Shale Oil Exploration Computation for economic costs basically includes explicit costs, real costs and opportunity costs (EconomicConcepts.com, 2012, n.p.). On the other hand, economic profit is the difference between revenue and costs incurred. In this section, the economic costs are cash outlays, opportunity costs, transportation expense to China and Beijing Costs, Insurance and Freight (CFI). Below is a table of the writer’s own model of economic costs and profits of shale exploration (Figure 1). The figures are rounded off to the nearest whole number. Economic Costs and Profit for Shale Oil Exploration Total Revenue $ 12,000,000,000.00 Explicit Costs Pipeline costs Materials $ 8,000,000.00 Miscellaneous Expenses $ 1,000,000.00 $ 9,000,000.00 Land (934400 acres x $ 5000 per acre) $ 4,600,000,000.00 Well Cost (50 wells x $5,000,000 rate per well) $ 250,000,000.00 Drilling Costs $ 14,000,000.00 Transportations Costs (Cost Insurance Freight to Beijing, China) (6000 trucks x $8000 rate per truck) $ 48,000,000.00 $ 4,921,000,000.00 Total Explicit Costs Real Costs Labor $ 11,500,000.00 Total Real Cost $ 11,500,000.00 Opportunity Costs Opportunity Costs $ 50,000,000.00 Total Opportunity Costs $ 50,000,000.00 Total Economic Costs $ 4,982,500,000.00 Total Economic Profit $ 7,017,500,000.00 Figure 1. Sample Model of Total Economic Costs and Profit for Shale Oil Exploration In Figure 1, the figures indicated are merely estimates through extensive research. In the explicit costs, the costs incurred are for pipeline, land, well, drilling and transportations. These are costs that are directly attributed to the shale gas exploration. The estimates used for rate per acre, well, and truck are average computation for each account. Secondly, real cost includes all the labor costs incurred to extract oil from the shale. Lastly, the opportunity cost pertains to the amount which could have been earned using other alternatives such as nuclear power plant and so on. In the illustration, total revenue exceeds the total costs incurred which results to an economic profit of $7 Billion. Hence, the model shows a cash-generating shale oil exploration. The next illustration (Figure 2) shows the extended model of Figure 1. Expanded Computation for Economic Cost and Profit of Shale Oil Exploration Total Revenue $ 12,000,000,000.00 Total Economic Costs $ 4,982,500,000.00 Other Costs Decommission Cost Waste Disposal costs $ 384,500,000.00 Labor $ 568,050,000.00 Used-fuel Storage costs $ 211,230,000.00 $ 1,163,780,000.00 Operation or Fracking Expense $ 1,230,500,000.00 Construction Expense $ 805,080,000.00 Total Economic Cost $ 8,181,860,000.00 Total Economic Profit $ 3,818,140,000.00 Figure 2. Expanded Computation for Economic Cost and Profit of Shale Oil Exploration In Figure 2, the amounts from Figure 1 are retained and only the other costs account is added as well as operation or fracking cost and construction expense. The marginal cost is computed by dividing the change in total cost by change in total quantity of shale oil (AmosWEB, 2014, para.4). Hence, $ 8,181,860,000.00 $ 4,982,500,000.00 is $3199360000. Change in total quantity pertains to the change in output of shale oil extraction. For instance, a company can extract 100,000 tons of shale oil in a year and doubles for the succeeding years. Below is the computation for marginal cost per year. Change in Costs Change in Quantity Marginal Cost 1st year 3199360000 100,000 31993 2nd year 3199360000 200,000 15996 3rd year 3199360000 400,000 7998 4th year 3199360000 800,000 3999 5th year 3199360000 1,600,000 1999 Figure 3. Computation for Marginal Cost Figure 3 is a chart on computing for marginal cost. The numerator is the change in costs divided by the denominator which is the change in tons of shale oil. Energy Forecast Energy Forecast on UAE from 2014 to 2020 Year Dollar Price per Oil Barrel Year Dollar Price per Oil Barrel 2003 26.74 2014 120.76 2004 33.46 2015 128.86 2005 49.49 2016 136.97 2006 61.43 2017 145.07 2007 68.37 2018 153.17 2008 93.78 2019 161.28 2009 61.75 2020 169.38 2010 78.06 2011 106.03 2012 108.9 2013 105.43 Figure 4. Energy Forecast on UAE from 2014 to 2020 In Figure 4, the amounts from the year 2003 up to 2013 are data released by World Bank Commodity Price Data (Knoema, 2013). Following the past trends on Dubai’s oil prices, the next 6 six years are forecasts through the Microsoft Excel’s trend function. The illustration shows a forecast of the increasing oil price in the next 6 years. UAE’s oil price is to increase by $7-$9. Comparative Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and US UAE UK United States Year Dollar Price per Oil Barrel 2003 26.74 28.85 31.11 2004 33.46 38.3 41.44 2005 49.49 54.43 56.44 2006 61.43 65.39 66.04 2007 68.37 72.7 72.28 2008 93.78 97.64 99.56 2009 61.75 61.86 61.65 2010 78.06 79.64 79.43 2011 106.03 110.94 95.05 2012 108.9 111.97 94.16 2013 105.43 108.86 97.94 2014 120.76 123.61 109.21 2015 128.86 131.63 115.36 2016 136.97 139.65 121.52 2017 145.07 147.66 127.67 2018 153.17 155.68 133.83 2019 161.28 163.70 139.98 2020 169.38 171.72 146.14 Figure 5. Comparative Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and US Figure 6.Bar Graph of Energy Forecast on UAE, UK and US Figure 5 illustrates the past and future forecasts on the oil prices of UAE, UK and the United States. Using the past trends on oil prices of these countries, a forecast for the next 6 years is made. The same method of computation has been made similar to Figure 5. Its summary on Figure 6, UK has the highest amount of oil price in the next 6 years while UAE falls second. Although United States has usually the highest price of oil in the last 10 years, UK started to lead starting 2012 until now. Hence, both United States and UAE has to improve more in terms of their energy economics to surpass UK’s performance in energy industry. References Brown, P. (2013, February 13).Shale gas kills nuclear power | Climate News Network. Retrieved from http://www.climatenewsnetwork.net/2013/02/shale-gas-kills-nuclear-power/> EconomicConcepts.com (2012).Concept of Economic Costs Explict Cost Implict Cost- Real Cost Oppotunity Cost Definition and Example Economicsconcepts.com. RetrievedJanuary24, 2014, from http://economicsconcepts.com/concepts_of_economic_costs.htm> Knoema (2013, October).Crude Oil Prices Forecast: Long Term to 2025 | Data and Charts knoema.com. RetrievedJanuary25, 2014, from http://knoema.com/yxptpab/crude-oil-prices-forecast-long-term-to-2025-data-and-charts> Marginal Cost, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014>. Theory of mind: Autism Theory of mind: Autism The term theory of mind in cognitive psychology allows individuals to describe and understanding of other individuals metal state about their beliefs or thoughts no individual can be certain what another individual is thinking but can have a good understand in what they may believe what they are thinking or about their thoughts Baron-Cohen (1997) theory of mind is exclusive to humans and allows humans to have a better understanding about the social world around and allows individuals to interact with other individuals in appropriate way Baron-Cohen (2003) Autism is a developmental disorder which occurs in the first 2 years of the Childs life and can affect approximately four in every ten thousand children (Baron-Cohen, Leslie Frith, 1985), the disorder is more four times more likely for a boy to have the disorder than a girl (Gilberg and Coleman, 1992; Rapin, 1997). An individual who has the disorder may find it hard to interact with another individuals and find it hard to understand what they are saying or understand the emotion of behaviour from another individual that also cannot understand their inner self and the other individuals thoughts and believes. Early signs of autism in a child cannot keep eye-to eye contact with another individual for a long period of time. (Swettenham et al., 1998) Also they cannot spontaneously play with a toy because it may be the fact their disorder cannot let them understand what the toy does. A study took place where individuals where ask to sort out pictures giving to the by category, children wi th the artistic disorder sorted the pictures out by objects example hat scarf (weeks and Hobson, 1987) this shows that not all social communication is impaired but they have little understanding of what is being asked of them. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task(Baron-Cohen et al., 1997). Baron-Cohen et al. (1997, 2001a, 2001b) showed some individuals pictures of peoples eyes and where giving four different type of words describing emotion this study was allocated to individuals with autism and also individuals without the disorder but show some signs of the autistic disorder. Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) believes that is a pure test of theory of mind and believes that the results from this study can be an in sight to see if an individual has got the autistic disorder. Children without the disorder start to use the terms think and want this shows they have some understanding of their inner self Most autistics children are delayed in learning a langue which can lead them to make new words up which is called neologising this make it harder for them understand communication and participate in social chat with other individuals Rutter (1987). An autistic individual finds it hard to keep up with the subject of conversation and also shows in ability to use feedback which (Bailey et al., 1996). Children at the age 2 Â ½ can to understand pretend play and the thoughts of other people when as children with autism have mind blindness this is an inability for them to understand social interactions which the individual finds it hard to develop a loving relationship with another individual. The disorder makes the individual find it hard to understand how some else is feeling and its difficult for the autistic individual to interact with another individual with out warning and may feel cold or distant towards other individuals. (Karmiloff-Smith, 1988, 1992) believes that all children explore the environment around them and automatically think of hypothesis and testing them this allows them. The social problems which under go in everyday life which autistic individuals have to face in everyday life, there has been studies which have been created to see if the problems they occur are related to the theory of mind. The Sally- Ann test false belief task was created to see if the individual on going the task had theory of mind skills or not. A child was introduced to two dolls called sally and Ann and where allocated with their own box with a marble hidden inside of it. The child was then told that sally has to go for a minute removing her from the scene and leaving her box behind this. The child is then told Ann is going to play a trick on sally and removes the marble from sallys box. Sally is then returned and the child is then asked where sally should look for the marble. A child with theory of mind will remember that sally doesnt know where her marble is and unaware that it is missing and will look it sallys box by using worlds for example he thinks however a child lacki ng theory of mind skills will only see it from her point of view and would look in Anns box Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith (1985) Many children passed this false belief test which have the autism disorder. Nearly 80 percent of artistic children failed this task which shows that most of the children taking part have not got the inner ability to understand other peoples thought and emotions. Baron- Cohen et als (1992 brought out a checklist for autism to see if any children have the autistic disorder to allow parents or guardians to find out in case of the risk of developing the disorder. The most common signs of autism is mental retardation is most common with 75% of all cases (Rutter, 1979; Rapin, 1997) there is no strong evidence to prove autism is inherited disorder (Rutter, 1994) Autism is clearly understood as a developmental disorder which makes it difficult for that individual to express him/her self and find it hard to understand any other individuals feelings or understand that they can feel emotions and think thoughts. There is not enough evidence to suggest that theory of mind can allow us to understand about autism to its full potential and that theory of mind describes the disorder to where it is completely understood.

Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walkers In Search of our Mothers Garden

Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walker's In Search of our Mother's Gardens In Alice Walker's book, In Search Of Our Mother's Gardens, she addresses many issues facing blacks in today's society. The two essays examined here, "The Black Writer and the Southern Experience" and "The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black Revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black Writer Who Simply Works and Writes," concern themselves with the truth and beauty of being a black Southern writer and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, "The Black Writer and the Southern Experience," is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era beginning with the Jim Crow laws and coming up to the present. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that even though these are shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In one anecdote, she recalls a time in which her mother was to redeem a voucher for flour from the Red Cross. When the Red Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an aunt from the North, all she could remark on was the gall of those "niggers" who come to beg, wearing nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, embarrassing scene, Walker sees the beauty in the fact that this scene did not keep her from feeding her family. Walker states, " I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a modest existence can sometimes bring" (17). By this statement she speaks of the way in which the community of neighbors joined togeth er to take care of each other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of another truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as people go. Some of the same people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be loved" (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which Walker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the world as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the prevailing opinion of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her writing that is to be applauded. Walker states, "It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is" (137) and it is this commitment to honesty that makes her a great writer. Based on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservative womanist. Her views and the ways in which she wishes to instigate change are not too radical as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time. Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walker's In Search of our Mother's Garden Issues Facing Blacks in Alice Walker's In Search of our Mother's Gardens In Alice Walker's book, In Search Of Our Mother's Gardens, she addresses many issues facing blacks in today's society. The two essays examined here, "The Black Writer and the Southern Experience" and "The Unglamorous But Worthwhile Duties Of the Black Revolutionary Artist Or Of the Black Writer Who Simply Works and Writes," concern themselves with the truth and beauty of being a black Southern writer and the role of the revolutionary black artist, respectively. The first essay, "The Black Writer and the Southern Experience," is concerned with the truth of the South, primarily in the era beginning with the Jim Crow laws and coming up to the present. Walker speaks of some of the incidents that happened in the South and that even though these are shameful events, there is a beauty to be found in them. In one anecdote, she recalls a time in which her mother was to redeem a voucher for flour from the Red Cross. When the Red Cross woman looked at her in the clothes sent to her by an aunt from the North, all she could remark on was the gall of those "niggers" who come to beg, wearing nicer clothes than her. While this can be seen as an ugly, embarrassing scene, Walker sees the beauty in the fact that this scene did not keep her from feeding her family. Walker states, " I am nostalgic for the solidarity and sharing a modest existence can sometimes bring" (17). By this statement she speaks of the way in which the community of neighbors joined togeth er to take care of each other. This is one of the truths of the South. Walker also speaks of another truth. This truth is one of no universals, as far as people go. Some of the same people that preach... ....should be hated...However, there are some men who should be loved" (137). I am in agreement with Walker in this essay also. The way in which Walker relates her ideas is one of directness. Her view of the world as a whole does not seem to concentrate on the victim mentality or of the evil of white as seems the prevailing opinion of some black writers of the day. There exists a positivism in her writing that is to be applauded. Walker states, "It is the duty of the artist to present the man as he is" (137) and it is this commitment to honesty that makes her a great writer. Based on the reading of the essays, I would characterize her as a conservative womanist. Her views and the ways in which she wishes to instigate change are not too radical as to be mistaken as anti-society or as anti-white. Walker realizes, as everyone should, change takes time.

Character Relations In The Awakening :: essays research papers

It would be easy to say that Edna Pontellier emulates both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz, however, throughout the novel, it is evident that Edna steps out beyond this assumption and asserts herself as another person altogether. This is obvious in the defining features of each of the women. Madame Ratignolle, for example, is always represented in a very flamboyant nature and is usually associated with clothes, whereas, Mademoiselle Reisz, in contrast, has no relation to clothes or anything of material nature. She instead is associated “passionately'; with music. Edna, on the other hand, has none of these qualities attributed to her. She is not described in terms of clothes. She is never attributed with being flamboyant. She is not musically inclined, with the exception of the fact that the music moves her toward the “awakening'; of her sensuality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When examining the first stirrings, “a certain light [that] was beginning to dawn dimly within her,'; we see that Edna thinks independently of outside interference. When she “was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her'; she does just that—she realizes the world within her, not without her. That is to say, she does this entire “awakening'; on her own. She does not directly receive any outside influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edna Pontellier, as a whole, is a woman completely different from any other in the novel. She stands alone and thinks alone and speaks alone. Her ideas and thoughts are completely hers. It would be wrong to say that Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz are embodiments of two different Ednas. They are not. They contribute their thoughts and ideas to Edna but Edna interprets these thoughts and ideas and either incorporates them or disregards them. In the end, with one fell swoop, she disregards everything ever suggested to her by these two other women. In the final chapter, she takes off all her clothes and walks into the water thereby ridding herself of both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz. She does this in that, as mentioned earlier, Madame Ratignolle is often represented by her clothes, thus, by taking off all her clothes and standing “naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the breeze that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her' ; she rejects Madame Ratignolle’s self-righteous dedication to her husband and children.

Judgment and Decision-Making

After making this decision if any bloomer is investigated than he tries to defend himself and target others. The top authority do not want to take the duty of wrong decision on himself but want to blame on others and make this mortal decision as a result of a radical decision. This type of concept is called â€Å"Looking Up and Looking Around† (LULL). This is not the case of deficiency or lack of experience of a decision maker but only because of frighten of an unsuccessful person this mortal decision becomes the result of radical decision.In any form of organization if important decision is to be taken, then it is good to have ore number of people so that if any bloomer is investigated than it is divided among all & it makes easier to find the base of the mistakes committed. There are many types of blames which involves the conveyance of one to other. First of all there are some guys called â€Å"Fall Guys† who takes the blame or responsibility of failure decision on t hemselves. Secondly, there are some people called â€Å"Escape-Goat† which are binge out from the organization for not deserving the blame.When a person is hired & he does not know that the person who was there previously in his lace had made mistake & his mistake is blamed on him. After looking at all of this â€Å"Jackal† says that the key concept is to make effort to protect yourself & try to protect the other group from suffer of the blame instead of accepting the bloomer perpetrated. Practical Experience In February I got a Job in DHAL warehouse where my work was to do receiving and pick packing. After two months there was a barbeques and dance party for all the employees of DHAL including Head of the Department.Work was divided among each person and in the end all came with their budget and expense and the expense was ore than the budget. All the excess expense were paid by the committee member and in the end when rap time came all were mum and they started incri minating to our new general manager. He bends out to be a â€Å"Fall Guy'. After that the whole committee member checked the account details and fund for the last year and came to know that the previous manager took out some money from the fund and commence us with a few embark on money.This is the complete illustration of Article 2 frames'. The article analyses the cognitive as well as psychophysical factors which help in ending out the value of the risky prospects. This article mainly challenges both theoretically as well as empirically the classical utility theory. This article presents how managers or rather human beings behave in real economic situations. In this article a systematic approach towards risky choices which helps in deriving several hypotheses for psychophysical analysis of various reactions towards probability as well as money have been discussed.By choosing risk aversion and Bernoulli (1954) essay the authors have tried to explain why most people are usually fou nd to be verse towards risk and why the degree of risk aversion lessens with rising wealth. In order to tackle the normative issues the author shifts focus from psychology to the decision theory. According to the Modern Decision Theory the risky prospects are being characterized by the probable results as well as the probabilities of all the results.The standard economic model suggests that all the human beings depict a very stable â€Å"utility curve† which is being implied by their choices but this article attacks directly on the axiom of extensionally. Therefore it is proposed in this article hat alternative framings need systematic examination which presents a helpful and highly beneficial reflective device which can easily be of advantage for the decision makers to assess all the values, attached with the primary as well as secondary consequences of their choices.The article specifies that mostly stability results because of loss aversion instead of change. Therefore bot h loss aversion as well as effects of consequent endowment is very unlikely to play very insignificant role in the economic exchanges which take place every day or in routine. Thus finally it explains he difference between the experience value and the decision value. The decision theory does not provide major distinction between the two because it is mostly assumed that the decision values and experience values are coinciding with each other (Keenan and Thieves, 1984).Practical Experience In India when I was doing Bachelors my friends were playing a cricket betting on the internet and were earning a lot, so I talked to my friend and ask him how to play. He told me and I was eager to play the cricket betting. After few days there was a cricket match between India and Pakistan I decided to bet against India. At that time it was like if India wins you will get double money and for Pakistan you will get four times the money you invest. I was having $1000, so I thought to invest $100 I. E.I was thinking to be risk aversion rather than risk seeking because I was betting for the first time. After the match got finish India won and I got $200. But if I would have played $200 for India and $100 for Pakistan then I would have earned more in playing risk seeking than playing as risk aversion. Article 3 Abstract: Reading 3. 3, Fischer, B. , Slavic, P. Ad Liechtenstein, S. (1980), ‘Knowing what twine those people who hold values with those people who elicit values. In this research Values' mean all the evaluative Judgments which are either absolute worth or relative or desirability of the possible events.Central to the process of psychophysics value is the finding that it is difficult to presume the effective stimulus rather it should be discovered. This article brings together a diverse collection of effects like ‘irrelevant† context effects, response mode, stimulus presentation and organism in order to facilitate the appreciation of the limit up to whic h the apparent alee of people are influenced by elicit, to give a tentative organization of outcomes along with the contexts in which these might come up and to explicate the effects of these outcomes.Thus this article explains the labile nature of expressed values and any kind of subtle changes in the elicitation mode is supposed to bring in highly visible effects on the preferences which are mentioned by people. Some impacts are reversible while other are not, some effects lead to deepening of the perspective of respondents while others do not; some impacts are deliberately brought about, while there are not; some impacts are very highly specific to the questions of value, while others Just impact all the kinds of Judgments; some are well documented, while others are simple speculations.If one wants to elicit these values one needs to confront these effects which cannot be avoided. The best way to have an interaction with our respondents and also to help them in making value Judgm ents which are in their best of interest is to provide them with better and newer analytical tools. These tools are very helpful in changing the respondents by deepening their perspectives. The main aim of this article is to deliver the message to consider multiple perspectives while decision-making (Fishhook, Slavic and Liechtenstein, 1980).Once my father wants to invest in his new business at that time I was doing ABA in India, so he asked me how I should proceed. He wanted to start Retail store of Grocery. So first of all he made a team of employee who will work in that grocery store. Before that he hired one elicit and put his project besides him. His values were not well defined and were not realistic, so it was difficult for elicit to make his decision. Because of his value were not properly defined it was also difficult for his employee to work in the store.So in the end his business was not up to the mark and he ended up with a loss. By this example I Just want to say that y our values should be realistic and it should be related to the previous environment so that you end up with a good conclusion. Article 4 Abstract: Reading 5. 1 . Zimmermann, H. (1983) ‘The two camps on rationality. This article analyses the ‘rationality concept' while decision-making and according to Zimmermann (1983) any action is considered to be rational if it is in conjunction with NY individuals' beliefs as well as values.The most important research tools for psychology of Judgment as well as decision are the normative tools, while the most vital model for Judgment is ‘Babes Theorem' along with multivariate utility models while for the normative model of decision the SUE models are very prominent . This human Judgment is found to be limited which causes the violation of the rationality principles. The concept of Judgmental biases suggests that the probabilistic judgment is mostly hugely biased because the individuals mostly rely on heuristics.In terms of gains and losses the coding outcomes is Just one of the many cognitive mechanisms which people make use of while editing or depicting their decision problems. The third violation of rationality theory occurs while observing the decision-making behavior of people through motivational perspective and several coping patterns which are used by mass while handling stress of various decision situations. In this research the varied deficiencies present in human Judgment as well as decision are being emphasized.On the other hand the optimists who believe n the rationality theory believe and lay emphasis on the implicit rationality of decision behavior as well as human Judgment. In support of their argument they raise mainly three theoretical arguments which are: the meat-rationality argument, the continuity argument and the structure argument. Therefore the researchers of this camp challenge the belief that human decision as well as Judgment is cognitively deficient.The author thus suggests that with reference to rationality issue one should be liberal while utilizing the concept of rationality. Secondly the commonality concept should be used in its prescriptive sense in legitimate manner wherever the prescription is being required and thirdly the concept of rationality should be used very cautiously in descriptive research. Practical Experience When I finished my Bachelors education I got a Job in Transformer making and testing company. There were two groups in the company who were working on the same project and I got selected in one of the group.Both groups were good but one was thinking rationally following the rules, team leader's advice and setting the destination of making up to the conclusion and others were thinking irrationally not allowing the rules of the company, team leader's advice to complete the task within less span of time to make themselves feel good in the company. Both were coming to the same conclusion but chief likes the people who fulfill deeds in an optimistic manner and not in a pessimistic manner.But not all the people will able to follow the qualities of optimistic and fulfill the goals of company rather than being pessimistic and fulfilling the goal of company. Article 5 Abstract: Reading 4. 3. ‘Theories of Risk perception: Who fears what and why? In this article the writer is concentrating on the hypothesis of risk sensing and he fines risk on the foundation of people coming from different aspects like different backgrounds, culture, posture etc. Every individual takes risk on any situation depending on the foundation of situation.For one person the risk might be higher for decisive situation but for another person the same situation might not be risky for him to handle. Different people look at the venture situation differently. The writer tries to explain Risk sensing through different theories on the foundation of different test or example like â€Å"Economic Theory, Knowledge Theory, Political Theory, assist us to realize the role of each in a well defined manner. â€Å"Knowledge Theory' conveys that people recall everything in a different manner I. E. They recall it to be peril and predict it to be grievous or life threatening. Personality Theory' conveys that more or less mass volition to deal with risk and more or less mass avert to deal with risk. â€Å"Economic Theory' conveys that people loaded with money are happy to deal with risk than the wretched people who are not loaded with money. â€Å"Political Theory' conveys that more or less people deal with risk in order to increase the tutus or tycoon in the surroundings. After doing a proper survey on risk it displays that risk postulates from last many ages and it postulates in many domain and well educated people are functioning on risk hypothesis.This article helps us to evaluate how condom is the risk and if there is any danger than what are the means to rub this risk. Practical Experience I wanted to share my experience when working as a ‘cashier' in one of the esteem bank in India (State Bank of India). My Job was to handle all the customer's bank accounts and look after their each cash transactions. In my hand was having all the personal information of their account details and if there was any problem then I was authorized to take each customer's secret information like account details, credit or debit card information etc.All the information of each customer was with me and if anybody could peril of pervert this information and whole rap will seed on me and because of this bank may have to suffer a loss of money or it may harm the reputation of the bank. So in this whole situation it was all depend on the sensing of my risk. If I do not want to have a loss of money to the bank then I should have my aril risk sensing in a positive manner.

A Technology of Life

The rising rate of technological development brings significant contribution to today’s ongoing fast pace of life. It has significantly impacted people’s lives that their ways of doing things as well as their means of doing things have already changed to conform to technological trends.Its powerful effect on almost every person’s life is remarkably manifested in the people’s enthusiastic acceptance and immersion to change brought about by technology. Indeed, technology influences people’s mode of thinking, behaving, and doing things. It has also directly and indirectly shapes certain behavior patterns and values among people especially the young generation. It has even become a guide for social interaction and thus, has already become part of everybody’s every day life.The rapid technological change brings both desirable and undesirable changes in our culture. Technology development can only be viewed as a cultural progression if its desirabl e impact to the culture and society is capitalized.Further, technology is considered a cultural progression if changes brought about redound to the highest interest of an organization and to the society as a whole. It should not only create convenience but should facilitate optimum outcome and productivity of anything where technology is used or applied. Some of the considerable beneficial effect of technology is it works to decrease business cost in the industry sector while, technology, particularly communication bridges the distance between individuals. Also, it must be noted that technology now promoted and encouraged continuous invention and innovation.However, one should always be reminded of the fact that too much of anything is dangerous, thus too much dependence to technology might also demean natural creativity and intelligence of people and foster a technology-dependent society.Technology has undeniably successfully change people’s values, beliefs, and ways of beha ving which are aspects that reflect the culture of the new society.The unstoppable development in technology and its affordability has triggered a domino effect that has changed how people and society behaves. It has created a cultural change as people in today’s environment has no option to keep abreast with the modern world but to embrace technology and its resulting change, and learn to use and live with it.Technology provides people with the tool to deal and live with the demands of the changing environment especially the industrial world. It creates competitive advantage that in the corporate world â€Å"technology now is power† (Coon).It is a fact that this rapid technological change creates convenience among people even in industrial organizations.   According to Hannagan (1998), â€Å"the introduction of technology has speeded up global communication and made possible for information to be transmitted immediately†   (p. 602) facilitating immediate tr ansaction.These developments have served to facilitate global business developments as well as individual relationship. In fact one of the most concrete examples of the beneficial use of technology to communication is well articulated in the statements of Davis and Meyer (1999) that â€Å"the development of mobile technologies have made connection available to anyone, anytime, and any place† (p. 9). Technology serves to speed up business and personal transactions maximizing productivity and usability of time.The communication revolution has a profound effect on the lives of people. This effect makes the new communication technology essential to people lives. To concretize this is to relate my experience with that of my mother when communication technology was not yet developed. During their time, distance can really create so much challenge as immediate communication was not available.However, in my time now, owning mobile phone is not a luxury but already a necessity. It hel ps one to receive important information immediately, facilitate immediate deals and decision making, communicate and â€Å"stay close† with the family and significant people, and socialize with friends. Its added attributes like calculator, calendar, camera and others can also help the owner or user in various ways making life easier and less complicated. Indeed, technology has really provided practicality and convenience to its user and to the modern society.Reference ListCoon, D. Technology’s positive effect on culture, class, and gender. Retrieved March 14, 2007from http://www.leon.leon.k12.fl.us/lion/dept/science/coon/Vita/techclass.htmlDavis, S. & Meyer, C. (1999). Blur: The speed of change in the connected economy. USA:Perseus Publishing.Hannagan, T. (1998). Management: Concepts and practices (2nd ed). Great Britain: PearsonEducation Limited.